1960 presidential election · popular vote · forecasts fitted without 1960
1960: the economy and the mood both pointed to a win for the Republicans, and they lost
The Republicans held the White House, with no sitting president on the ballot. They lost the two-party popular vote with 49.9%.
Two-party popular vote, not the Electoral College. Out-of-sample: each model fitted on the other 19 elections. Sources: Ray Fair (vote shares 1948–2020), FEC (2024), FRED/ALFRED (BEA, BLS, Census), FOMC projections; model fits by this site; Gallup June approval.
| Model | Forecast | Error | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economy line | 51.6% | +1.7 | ✗ wrong |
| Fair | 52.2% | +2.3 | ✗ wrong |
| Bread and Peace | 50.4% | +0.5 | ✗ wrong |
| Mood line | 56.2% | +6.3 | ✗ wrong |
| Time for Change | 54.8% | +4.8 | ✗ wrong |
What went into the forecasts
| Input | 1960 | Average | Used by |
|---|---|---|---|
| Growth per person, election year (% a year) | 3.7 | 1.8 | Fair |
| Inflation over the term (% a year) | 2.2 | 3.1 | Fair |
| Quarters of strong growth (of 15) | 5 | 4 | Fair |
| Real income growth per person (weighted) (% a year) | 0.5 | 1.5 | Bread and Peace |
| US war deaths in the term (thousand) | 0.0 | 2.9 | Bread and Peace |
| GDP growth, April–June (% a year) | 1.6 | 1.3 | Time for Change |
| June net approval (Gallup) (points) | 37 | 4 | Mood, Time for Change |
| Unemployment, September (%) | 5.5 | 5.5 | Context only |
Economic inputs are revised figures (no pre-election vintage is archived this far back). The Republicans had held the White House for 2 terms.
Economies most like 1960’s
- 2004: the Republicans held the White House and won with 51.2%.
- 1996: the Democrats held the White House and won with 54.7%.
- 2000: the Democrats held the White House and won with 50.3%.
Closest by growth, inflation, unemployment and real income growth, measured in standard deviations (growth per person, inflation over the term, unemployment, real income growth per person).
Where each number comes from
- result: Fair atbl1.txt VP (Democratic two-party share)
- party running duration: Fair atbl1.txt I, DPER, DUR
- fair inputs: computed from GNPC96@1960-08-23 and GNPDEF@1965-08-19, through term quarter 14
- q2 growth: advance estimate: GNPC96@1960-08-23 (first-release)
- income: A229RC0Q052SBEA@today (revised), deflated by CPIAUCSL (earliest-available; vintages 1994-02-17)
- approval: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Gallup 1960-06-16-1960-06-21: 61/24. https://news.gallup.com/wwwv7interactives/json/ALLPRESIDENTS/codename.aspx ; https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1iEl565M1mICTubTtoxXMdxzaHzAcPTnb3kpRndsrfyY/export?format=csv&gid=1015541111
- fatalities: zero per Hibbs (2007) Table A1